On June 30, 1960, Belgium’s king stood before the leaders of an independent Congo and praised the colonial enterprise his country had imposed upon them. Patrice Lumumba answered with an account of forced labor, racial humiliation and violence. The ceremony marked the transfer of sovereignty. His speech raised the question of how much authority Belgium intended to surrender.
Lumumba had reached office through elections and parliamentary negotiation. At 34, the former postal worker faced an immense task. His government inherited a country whose mines generated foreign wealth, whose army still answered to Belgian officers and whose institutions had excluded Africans from senior authority.
He wanted independence to reach beyond the flag. Foreign governments and mining interests had their own expectations. Within weeks, arguments over troops, revenue and territory became a struggle over his survival.
The public crisis unfolded through speeches, emergency meetings and competing claims to constitutional authority. Another struggle developed through secret cables. Officials discussed money for his opponents, ways to restrict his movements and measures intended to prevent his return to office.
The journey from the independence ceremony to Katanga took less than seven months. Following those months brings you into meetings where foreign officials treated Congo’s elected government as a problem requiring their solution.